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Pembrolizumab

Phase 3

Carcinoma, Renal Cell | Monoclonal antibody | Oncology |Merck & Company, Inc.|Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Success Probability
Approval Probability 71%
TA Base Rate26%
Adjusted LOA41%
ML RiskLOW_RISK
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Market & Valuation
rNPV $3.2B
Market Size $9.4B
Revenue Basis $1.6B
Competitors 6
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Trial Design
RandomizedCONTROLLEDDMCBiomarker
Total Trials4
Total Enrollment2,672
FDA Designations
No designations recorded
Clinical Trials (4)
NCT IDTitlePhaseStatusEnrollmentVelocityDesignStartCompletionLast UpdatedSitesCountries
NCT05899049A Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Belzutifan (MK-6482) and Lenvatinib (MK-7902), or Pembrolizumab/Quavonlimab (MK-1308A) in Combination With Lenvatinib, vs Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib, for Treatment of Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (MK-6482-012)-China Extension StudyPHASE3 ACTIVE NOT_RECRUITING 249Jul 27, 2022Jun 7, 2027Nov 10, 202517 China
NCT04736706A Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Belzutifan (MK-6482) and Lenvatinib (MK-7902), or Pembrolizumab/Quavonlimab (MK-1308A) in Combination With Lenvatinib, Versus Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib, for Treatment of Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (MK-6482-012)PHASE3 ACTIVE NOT_RECRUITING 1,653Apr 14, 2021Oct 29, 2026May 6, 2026262 United States, Australia +33
NCT04626518Substudy 03B: A Study of Immune and Targeted Combination Therapies in Participants With Second Line Plus (2L+) Renal Cell Carcinoma (MK-3475-03B/KEYMAKER-U03)PHASE1 ACTIVE NOT_RECRUITING 370Dec 17, 2020Jul 17, 2026May 6, 202651 United States, Australia +11
NCT04626479Substudy 03A: A Study of Immune and Targeted Combination Therapies in Participants With First Line (1L) Renal Cell Carcinoma (MK-3475-03A)PHASE1 ACTIVE NOT_RECRUITING 400Dec 16, 2020Jul 17, 2026May 18, 202655 United States, Australia +12
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Study Endpoints
Primary Endpoints
Progression Free Survival (PFS) According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1) as Assessed by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR)
Up to approximately 58 months

PFS is defined as the time from randomization to the first documented progressive disease (PD) or death due to any cause, whichever occurs first. Per RECIST 1.1, PD is defined as ≥20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions. In addition to the relative increase of 20%, the sum must also demonstrate an absolute increase of ≥5 mm. The appearance of one or more new lesions is also considered PD. PFS as assessed by BICR based on RECIST 1.1 will be presented.

Overall Survival (OS)
Up to approximately 58 months

OS is defined as the time from randomization to death due to any cause.

Safety Lead-in Phase: Number of participants who experience one or more dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs)
Up to ~21 days

DLTs are defined as one or more of the following toxicities: (1) grade (gr) 4 nonhematologic toxicity (2) gr 4 hematologic toxicity lasting \>7 days OR gr 4 platelet count decreased of any duration OR gr 3 platelet count decreased if associated with bleeding (3) gr 3 nonhematologic toxicity except gr 3 fatigue (lasting ≤3 days), diarrhea, nausea, vomiting or rash without standard of care (4) gr 3 or 4 nonhematologic abnormality if medical intervention is required or if it leads to hospitalization or persists for \>1 week (5) gr 3 or 4 febrile neutropenia (6) gr 3 or 4 alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and/or bilirubin laboratory value (7) treatment related adverse event (AE) causing study intervention discontinuation during the first 21 days (8) treatment related AE causing intervention administration delay for \>14 days during the first 21 days (9) gr 5 toxicity. The number of participants who experience one or more DLTs in the safety lead-in phase will be presented.

Safety Lead-in Phase: Number of participants who experience one or more adverse events (AEs)
Up to ~21 days

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of study intervention, whether or not considered related to the study intervention. The number of participants who experience one or more AEs in the safety lead-in phase will be presented.

Safety Lead-in Phase: Number of participants who discontinue study treatment due to an AE
Up to ~21 days

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of study intervention, whether or not considered related to the study intervention. The number of participants who discontinue study treatment due to an AE in the safety lead-in phase will be presented.

Efficacy Phase: Number of participants who experienced DLTs
Up to ~21 days

DLTs are defined as one or more of the following toxicities: (1) grade (gr) 4 nonhematologic toxicity (2) gr 4 hematologic toxicity lasting \>7 days OR gr 4 platelet count decreased of any duration OR gr 3 platelet count decreased if associated with bleeding (3) gr 3 nonhematologic toxicity except gr 3 fatigue (lasting ≤3 days), diarrhea, nausea, vomiting or rash without standard of care (4) gr 3 or 4 nonhematologic abnormality if medical intervention is required or if it leads to hospitalization or persists for \>1 week (5) gr 3 or 4 febrile neutropenia (6) gr 3 or 4 alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and/or bilirubin laboratory value (7) treatment related adverse event (AE) causing study intervention discontinuation during the first 21 days (8) treatment related AE causing intervention administration delay for \>14 days during the first 21 days (9) gr 5 toxicity. The number of participants who experience one or more DLTs in the efficacy phase will be presented.

Efficacy Phase: Number of participants who experience one or more AEs
Up to ~56 months

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of study intervention, whether or not considered related to the study intervention. The number of participants who experience one or more AEs in the efficacy phase will be presented.

Efficacy Phase: Number of participants who discontinue study treatment due to an AE
Up to ~56 months

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of study intervention, whether or not considered related to the study intervention. The number of participants who discontinue study treatment due to an AE in the efficacy phase will be presented.

Efficacy Phase: Objective response rate (ORR)
Up to ~56 months

ORR is defined as the percentage of participants in the analysis population who have a complete response (CR: disappearance of all target lesions) or partial response (PR: at least a 30% decrease in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum of diameters). Responses are according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1) by blinded independent central review (BICR).

Efficacy Phase: Number of participants who experience one or more DLTs
Up to ~21 days

DLTs are defined as one or more of the following toxicities: (1) grade (gr) 4 nonhematologic toxicity (2) gr 4 hematologic toxicity lasting \>7 days OR gr 4 platelet count decreased of any duration OR gr 3 platelet count decreased if associated with bleeding (3) gr 3 nonhematologic toxicity except gr 3 fatigue (lasting ≤3 days), diarrhea, nausea, vomiting or rash without standard of care (4) gr 3 or 4 nonhematologic abnormality if medical intervention is required or if it leads to hospitalization or persists for \>1 week (5) gr 3 or 4 febrile neutropenia (6) gr 3 or 4 alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and/or bilirubin laboratory value (7) treatment related adverse event (AE) causing study intervention discontinuation during the first 21 days (8) treatment related AE causing intervention administration delay for \>14 days during the first 21 days (9) gr 5 toxicity. The number of participants who experience one or more DLTs in the efficacy phase will be presented.

Secondary Endpoints
Objective Response Rate (ORR) Per RECIST 1.1 as Assessed by BICR
Up to approximately 58 months
Duration of Response (DOR) Per RECIST 1.1 as Assessed by BICR
Up to approximately 58 months
Number of Participants Who Experienced At least One Adverse Event (AE)
Up to approximately 58 months
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Study Design & Arms
AllocationRANDOMIZED
MaskingNONE
ModelPARALLEL
PurposeTREATMENT
Treatment Arms
ArmTypeDescription
Pembrolizumab + Belzutifan + LenvatinibEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive pembrolizumab 400 mg PLUS belzutifan 120 mg PLUS lenvatinib 20 mg. Pembrolizumab will be administered intravenously (IV) once every 6 weeks (Q6W) for up to 18 administrations (up to \~2 years). Belzutifan and lenvatinib will be administered orally once daily (QD) until progressive disease or discontinuation.
Pembrolizumab/Quavonlimab + LenvatinibEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive pembrolizumab/quavonlimab (co-formulation of pembrolizumab 400 mg and quavonlimab 25 mg) PLUS lenvatinib 20 mg. Pembrolizumab/quavonlimab will be administered IV Q6W for up to 18 administrations (up to \~2 years). Lenvatinib will be administered orally QD until progressive disease or discontinuation.
Pembrolizumab + LenvatinibACTIVE_COMPARATORParticipants will receive pembrolizumab 400 mg PLUS lenvatinib 20 mg. Pembrolizumab will be administered IV Q6W for up to 18 administrations (up to \~2 years). Lenvatinib will be administered orally QD until progressive disease or discontinuation.
Coformulation Pembrolizumab/QuavonlimabEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive pembrolizumab/quavonlimab (coformulation of pembrolizumab 400 mg and quavonlimab 25 mg). Pembrolizumab/quavonlimab will be administered intravenously (IV) once every 6 weeks (Q6W) for up to 17 administrations (up to \~2 years).
Coformulation Favezelimab/PembrolizumabEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive favezelimab/pembrolizumab (coformulation of favezelimab 800 mg and pembrolizumab 200 mg). Favezelimab/Pembrolizumab will be administered IV once every 3 weeks (Q3W) for up to 35 administrations (up to \~2 years).
Pembrolizumab + MK-4830EXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive pembrolizumab 200 mg PLUS MK-4830 800 mg. Both pembrolizumab and MK-4830 will be administered IV Q3W for up to 35 administrations (up to \~2 years).
Pembrolizumab + BelzutifanEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive pembrolizumab 400 mg PLUS belzutifan 120 mg. Pembrolizumab will be administered IV Q6W for up to 17 administrations (up to \~ 2 years). Belzutifan will be administered orally once-daily (QD) until progressive disease or discontinuation.
Belzutifan + LenvatinibEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive Belzutifan 120 mg PLUS lenvatinib 20 mg. Both belzutifan and lenvatinib will be administered orally QD until progressive disease or discontinuation.
Coformulation Pembrolizumab/Quavonlimab + LenvatinibEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive pembrolizumab/quavonlimab (coformulation of pembrolizumab 400 mg and quavonlimab 25 mg) PLUS lenvatinib 20 mg. Pembrolizumab/quavonlimab will be administered intravenously (IV) once every 6 weeks (Q6W) for up to 17 administrations (up to \~2 years). Lenvatinib will be administered orally once-daily (QD) until progressive disease or discontinuation.
Coformulation Favezelimab/Pembrolizumab+ LenvatinibEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive favezelimab/pembrolizumab (coformulation of favezelimab 800 mg and pembrolizumab 200 mg) PLUS lenvatinib 20 mg. Favezelimab/Pembrolizumab will be administered IV once every 3 weeks (Q3W) for up to 35 administrations (up to \~2 years). Lenvatinib will be administered orally QD until progressive disease or discontinuation.
Coformulation Vibostolimab/Pembrolizumab+BelzutifanEXPERIMENTALParticipants will receive vibostolimab/pembrolizumab (coformulation of 200 mg vibostolimab and pembrolizumab 200 mg). Vibostolimab/pembrolizumab will be administered IV once every 3 weeks (Q3W) for up to 35 administrations (up to \~2 years). Belzutifan will be administered orally QD until progressive disease or discontinuation.
Interventions
NameTypeDescription
PembrolizumabBIOLOGICALPembrolizumab 400 mg administered Q6W via IV infusion
BelzutifanDRUGBelzutifan 120 mg administered QD via oral tablet
Pembrolizumab/QuavonlimabBIOLOGICALPembrolizumab/quavonlimab is a co-formulated product composed of pembrolizumab 400 mg in combination with quavonlimab 25 mg, administered Q6W via IV infusion
LenvatinibDRUGLenvatinib 20 mg administered QD via oral capsule
MK-4830BIOLOGICALAdministered via IV infusion at a dose of 800 mg Q3W
Favezelimab/PembrolizumabBIOLOGICALAdministered via IV infusion at a dose of 800 mg/200 mg Q3W
Vibostolimab/PembrolizumabDRUGAdministered via IV infusion at a dose of 200 mg/200 mg Q6W
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Eligibility Criteria
Age Range18 Years — N/A
SexALL
Healthy VolunteersNo
Study Sites17

Inclusion Criteria: * Has histologically confirmed diagnosis of RCC with clear cell component. * Has received no prior systemic therapy for advanced ccRCC * Male participants are abstinent from heterosexual intercourse or agree to use contraception during and for at least 7 days after last dose of ...

Countries:ChinaUnited StatesAustraliaBrazilCanadaChileColombiaCroatiaCzechiaDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGuatemalaHungaryIrelandItalyJapanMalaysiaMexicoNorwayPhilippinesPolandRomaniaRussiaSerbiaSouth AfricaSouth KoreaSpainSwedenTaiwanThailandTurkey (Türkiye)UkraineUnited KingdomIsraelNetherlandsNew Zealand
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Recent Changes (Last 90 Days)
LOWMay 26, 2026NCT04626479primaryCompletionDate: changed
LOWMay 26, 2026NCT05899049primaryCompletionDate: changed
LOWMay 26, 2026NCT04626518primaryCompletionDate: changed
LOWMay 26, 2026NCT04736706primaryCompletionDate: changed
LOWMay 24, 2026NCT05899049studyFirstPostDate: changed
LOWMay 24, 2026NCT04626479studyFirstPostDate: changed
LOWMay 24, 2026NCT04626518studyFirstPostDate: changed
LOWMay 24, 2026NCT04736706studyFirstPostDate: changed