Approval Probability
TA Base Rate
Adjusted LOA
ML Risk
Label indication BAVENCIO is a programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blocking antibody indicated for: Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) Adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older with metastatic MCC. ( 1.1 , 14.1 ) Urothelial Carcinoma (UC) Maintenance treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic UC that has not progressed with first-line platinum-containing chemotherapy. FDA label
Also known as Avelumab Injection, MSB0010718C, Anti PD-L1
Avelumab · 17 trials · 19 indications
The OS time was defined as the time from randomization to the date of death. The participants who were still alive at the time of data analysis or who were lost to follow-up OS time was censored at the last recorded date that the participant was known to be alive before the data cutoff date. OS was measured using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates.
PFS is defined as the time from date of randomization until date of the first documentation of progressive disease (PD) or death due to any cause in the absence of documented PD, whichever occurs first. PD is defined as at least a 20 percent (%) increase in the sum of the longest diameter (SLD), taking as reference the smallest SLD recorded from baseline or the appearance of 1 or more new lesions. PFS was measured using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates.
PFS is defined as the time from date of randomization until date of the first documentation of progressive disease (PD) or death due to any cause in the absence of documented PD, whichever occurs first. PD is defined as at least a 20 percent (%) increase in the sum of the longest diameter (SLD), taking as reference the smallest SLD recorded from baseline or the appearance of 1 or more new lesions. PFS was measured using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates.
OS is defined as the time from randomization to the date of death, regardless of the actual cause of the participant's death. The participants who were still alive at the time of data analysis or who were lost to follow-up OS time was censored at the last recorded date that the participant was known to be alive before the data cutoff date. OS was measured using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates.
OS is defined as the time from randomization to the date of death, regardless of the actual cause of the participant's death. The participants who were still alive at the time of data analysis or who were lost to follow-up OS time was censored at the last recorded date that the participant was known to be alive before the data cutoff date. OS was measured using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates.
Overall Survival was defined as the time from randomization to the date of death due to any cause. For participants who were still alive at the time of data analysis or who were lost to follow-up, OS time was censored at the date of last contact. OS was measured using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates.
The primary endpoint is the disease control rate (DCR) after 16 weeks of avelumab treatment. DCR is defined as the percentage of subjects with a confirmed reduction in tumor size compared to baseline (complete response (CR) and partial response (PR)) as well as fulfilling the criteria for stable disease (SD) according RECIST1.1.
Objective Response (OR) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1
Confirmed BOR was defined as the percentage of participants who achieved confirmed complete responses (CR) or partial response (PR), according to RECIST version 1.1 assessed by the Investigator.CR: Disappearance of all evidence of target and non-target lesions. PR: At least 30 percent (%) reduction from baseline in the sum of the longest diameter (SLD) of all lesions. Stable disease (SD)= Neither sufficient increase to qualify for progression of disease (PD) nor sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR. PD: At least a 20 % increase in the SLD, taking as reference the smallest SLD recorded from baseline or the appearance of 1 or more new lesions. Confirmed CR=as at least two determinations of CR at least 4 weeks apart with no PD. Confirmed PR=as at least 2 determinations of PR or better (PR followed by PR or PR followed by CR), at least 4 weeks apart (not qualifying for a CR) with no PD in between. Percentage of Participants with confirmed BOR were reported.
\- Outcome measure: Pathological complete response is defined as the absence of invasive carcinoma (ypT0/Tis) disease and the absence of microscopic lymph node metastases (ypN0) on the final surgical specimen.
The overall response rate will be defined as the number of participants with confirmed complete response or partial response (CR or PR) recorded as the best response over the study period, divided by the number of participants evaluable for response as defined by RECIST version 1.1.
Assessed as per CTCAE v5.0
Assessed as per CTCAE v5.0
To evaluate the safety and tolerability of GEN-001 in combination with avelumab
Confirmed OR per RECIST v1.1 by the Investigator
Safety run-in: dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) will be determined during the first 3 months after the start of treatment
The main endpoint of this study is the rate of patients with successful normalization of hCG allowing for treatment discontinuation (hCG normalization). Patients will continue on treatment until the weekly hCG assays reach the institutional normal threshold, and then for 3 additional cycles, or otherwise will be stopped in the case of resistance, defined as a rise (a \> 20% rise between two assays, observed twice on three consecutive weekly assays) or a plateau (a \< 10% decrease between two assays observed three times on four consecutive weekly assays) in the hCG level, or unacceptable toxicity and/or death.
DLT is defined as greater than or equal to \[\>=\] Grade (Gr)3 Adverse drug reaction (ADR) according to NCI-CTCAE v4.03, occurring during DLT observation period of dose escalation cohorts. ADR: any AE suspected to be related to avelumab by Investigator and/Sponsor. Following events were not considered as DLT: Gr3 infusion-related reaction resolving within 6 hours and controlled with medical management. Transient (less than or equal to \[\<=\] 6 hours) Gr3 flu-like symptoms/fever, controlled with medical management. Transient (\<=24 hours) Gr3 fatigue, local reactions, headache, nausea, emesis, resolves to \<= Gr1. Gr3 skin toxicity/Gr3 Liver function test increase that resolves to \<= Grade 1 in \< 7 days after medical management. Gr3 diarrhea, out-of-range laboratory values without any clinical correlate that resolves to \<= Grade 1 within 7 days with adequate medical management; Tumor flare phenomenon defined as local pain, irritation, rash localized at sites of known or suspected tumor.
Area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to the last sampling time at which the concentration is at or above lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). AUC0-t was calculated according to the mixed log linear trapezoidal rule.
AUCtau was defined as area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to the end of the dosing interval (tau). AUCtau was calculated using the mixed log linear trapezoidal rule.
AUC0-inf was calculated by combining AUC0-t and AUCextra. AUCextra represents an extrapolated value obtained by Clast pred/Lambda z, where Clast pred was the calculated serum concentration at the last sampling time point at which the measured serum concentration is at or above the Lower Limit of quantification (LLOQ) and Lambda z was the apparent terminal rate constant determined by log-linear regression analysis of the measured serum concentrations of the terminal log-linear phase.
Lambda z was determined from the terminal slope of the log-transformed serum concentration curve using linear regression method.
Cmax was obtained directly from the serum concentration versus time curve.
Clast is the last measurable serum concentration of Avelumab.
Ctrough is defined as the concentration observed immediately before next dosing.
The time to reach the maximum observed serum concentration (tmax) was obtained directly from the concentration versus time curve.
Apparent terminal half-life was defined as the time required for the serum concentration of drug to decrease 50 percent in the final stage of its elimination. t1/2 was calculated as log2/ lambda z. Lambda z was determined from the terminal slope of the log-transformed serum concentration curve using linear regression method.
AUC0-t/Dose was defined as area under the serum concentration versus time curve from time of dosing to the time of the last measurable concentration divided by dose. AUC0-t/Dose was measured in (microgram\*hour per milliliter)/(milligram per kilogram) (mcg\*h/mL)/(mg/kg).
AUCtau/Dose was calculated by as dose normalized area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to the end of the dosing interval (tau). AUCtau was calculated using the mixed log linear trapezoidal rule.
Cmax/Dose was defined as maximum observed serum concentration divided by dose.
according to CTC 4.03
DLT: any Grade greater than or equal to (\>=) 3 or Adverse Events (AE) according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria for AE Version 4.03 (NCI-CTCAE v4.03); observed during first 3 weeks of dose-escalation part and as being related to Avelumab by Investigator/Sponsor. Following events were not considered as DLT: Grade 3 infusion-related reaction resolving to (\<=) Grade 1 within 6 hours and controlled with medical management; Transient (\<=6 hours) Grade 3 flulike symptoms/fever controlled with medical management and resolved to \<= Grade 1;Transient (\<=24 hours) Grade 3 fatigue, local reactions, headache, nausea, emesis that resolved to \<=Grade1 with/without medical management, Grade 3 diarrhea, Grade 3 skin toxicity, Grade3 out-of-range laboratory values without any clinical correlate that resolves to \<= Grade 1 or Baseline in \< 7 days after medical management; Tumor flare phenomenon defined as local pain, irritation, rash localized at sites of known or suspected tumor.
DLT: defined using National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0, as any one of following: any Grade (Gr) \>=3toxicity that is possibly/probably/ definitely related to avelumab, except for any of following: Gr 3 infusion-related reaction resolving within 6 hours and controlled with medical management, Transient Gr 3 flu-like symptoms/fever, which is controlled with medical management, Transient Gr 3 fatigue, local reactions, headache, nausea, emesis that resolves to \<= Gr 1, Gr3 diarrhea, Gr 3 skin toxicity, Gr 3 liver function test increase that resolves to \<= Gr1 in \< 7 days after medical management has been initiated, Single laboratory values out of normal range that were unlikely related to study treatment according to investigator, did not have any clinical correlate, and resolved to \<= Gr1 within 7 days with adequate medical management and tumor flare phenomenon defined as local pain, irritation/rash localized at sites of known/suspected tumor.
Confirmed BOR was determined according to RECIST 1.1 and as adjudicated by an Independent Endpoint Review Committee (IERC) and defined as best response of any of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) recorded from date of randomization until disease progression/recurrence (taking smallest measurement recorded since start of treatment as reference). CR: Disappearance of all evidence of target/non-target lesions. PR: At least 30%reduction from baseline in sum of longest diameter (SLD) of all lesions. SD: Neither sufficient increase to qualify for PD nor sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR. PD: at least a 20% increase in SLD, taking as reference smallest SLD recorded from baseline/appearance of 1or more new lesions and unequivocal progression of non-target lesions.
Confirmed BOR was determined according to RECIST 1.1 and as adjudicated by an Independent Endpoint Review Committee (IERC) and defined as best response of any of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) recorded from date of randomization until disease progression/recurrence (taking smallest measurement recorded since start of treatment as reference). CR: Disappearance of all evidence of target/non-target lesions. PR: At least 30% reduction from baseline in sum of longest diameter (SLD) of all lesions. SD: Neither sufficient increase to qualify for PD nor sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR. PD: at least a 20% increase in SLD, taking as reference smallest SLD recorded from baseline/appearance of 1 or more new lesions and unequivocal progression of non-target lesions.
Confirmed BOR was determined according to RECIST 1.1 and as adjudicated by an Independent Endpoint Review Committee (IERC) and defined as best response of any of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) recorded from date of randomization until disease progression/recurrence (taking smallest measurement recorded since start of treatment as reference). CR: Disappearance of all evidence of target/non-target lesions. PR: At least 30% reduction from baseline in sum of longest diameter (SLD) of all lesions. SD: Neither sufficient increase to qualify for PD nor sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR. PD: at least a 20% increase in SLD, taking as reference smallest SLD recorded from baseline/appearance of 1 or more new lesions and unequivocal progression of non-target lesions.
Confirmed BOR was determined according to RECIST 1.1 and as adjudicated by an Independent Endpoint Review Committee (IERC) and defined as best response of any of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) recorded from date of randomization until disease progression/recurrence (taking smallest measurement recorded since start of treatment as reference). CR: Disappearance of all evidence of target/non-target lesions. PR: At least 30%reduction from baseline in sum of longest diameter (SLD) of all lesions. SD: Neither sufficient increase to qualify for PD nor sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR. PD: at least a 20% increase in SLD, taking as reference smallest SLD recorded from baseline/appearance of 1or more new lesions and unequivocal progression of non-target lesions.
Immune-related toxicity which requires discontinuation of Avelumab
| Arm | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Avelumab | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Docetaxel | ACTIVE_COMPARATOR | - |
| Avelumab Biweekly | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Avelumab Weekly | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Chemotherapy | ACTIVE_COMPARATOR | - |
| Chemotherapy + Best Supportive Care (BSC) | EXPERIMENTAL | In Maintenance Phase, participants continued the same regimen of oxaliplatin-fluoropyrimidine doublet chemotherapy (oxaliplatin + 5FU/LV or oxaliplatin + capecitabine) as they received during the Induction Phase until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or discontinuation. Participants who were not deemed eligible to receive chemotherapy at the dose and schedule specified above received BSC alone once every 3 weeks. BSC was defined as treatment administered with the intent to maximize quality of life without a specific antineoplastic regimen and was based on Investigator's discretion. |
| GEN-001 with avelumab | EXPERIMENTAL | 42 patients in total with metastatic GC/Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma who have progressed after 2 prior systemic treatments and confirmed PD-L1 positive expression will be enrolled in this study. |
| Avelumab and Cetuximab | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants received 800 milligrams Avelumab, 1250 milligrams per square meter (mg/m\^2) gemcitabine on Day 1 and Day 8, cisplatin at a dose of 75 mg/m\^2 on Day 1 along with 250 mg/m2 body surface area Cetuximab on Day 1 and 500 mg/m2 body surface area on Day 8 of each cycle as intravenous (IV) infusions up to maximum of 4 cycles (each cycle is of 3 weeks) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. In case of cisplatin toxicities, participants were switched to carboplatin at a dose of target area under the serum concentration-time curve of 5 (AUC 5) on Day 1 for the remainder of cycles. Subsequently participants were administered with avelumab and cetuximab as IV infusion at the dose of 800 mg and 500 mg/m\^2 respectively, every 2 weeks in the Maintenance phase until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. |
| DD-MVAC + avelumab | EXPERIMENTAL | Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (DD-MVAC) given in combination with Avelumab. DD-MVAC consists of Methotrexate 30 mg/m2 iv day 1, Vinblastine 3 mg/m2 iv day 2, Cisplatin 70 mg/m2 iv day 2 and Doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 iv day 2. Each cycle is given every 2 weeks for a maximum of 4 administrations Chemotherapy is associated with Avelumab 10 mg/kg, 1-hour intravenous (iv) infusion, given on day 2 every 2 weeks. Cystectomy will be performed 3 to 6 weeks after last administration of chemotherapy |
| CG+ avelumab | EXPERIMENTAL | Cisplatin, gemcitabine (CG) consists of Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 iv in day 1 and day 8 and Cisplatin 70 mg/m2 iv in day 1. Each cycle is given every 3 weeks for a maximum of 4 administrations. Chemotherapy is associated with Avelumab 10 mg/kg, 1-hour intravenous (iv) infusion, given on day 1 every 2 weeks Cystectomy will be performed 3 to 6 weeks after last administration of chemotherapy |
| PG+ avelumab | EXPERIMENTAL | Paclitaxel, gemcitabine (PG) consists of Paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 iv in day 1 and day 15 and Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 iv in day 1 and day 15. Each cycle is repeated every 3 weeks for a maximum of 4 administrations. Chemotherapy is associated with Avelumab 10 mg/kg, 1-hour intravenous (iv) infusion, given on day 1 every 2 weeks Cystectomy will be performed 3 to 6 weeks after last administration of chemotherapy |
| Intervention Arm | EXPERIMENTAL | Treatment with Avelumab |
| Avelumab combined with methotrexate and folinic acid | EXPERIMENTAL | Avelumab administration at 800 mg every 2 weeks and methotrexate administration at 1mg/kg/day during 4 months ½ (median) |
| Avelumab 3 mg/kg Q2W | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Avelumab 10 mg/kg Q2W | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Avelumab 20 mg/kg Q2W | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Avelumab 10 mg/kg QW | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Bioimmunoradiotherapy | EXPERIMENTAL | Concurrent Radiation therapy (i.e. 5 times a week, 7 weeks, total dose 70 Gy) with cetuximab (loading dose 400 mg/m2 i.v. day -7, 250 mg/m2 i.v weekly wk 1-7) and Avelumab10 mg/kg i.v. at day -7, 7, 21,35 + maintenance therapy i.e avelumab10 mg/kg i.v. every 2 weeks for 6 months (wk 8,10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26. |
| Dose-escalation Cohort: Avelumab 3 mg/kg | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Dose-escalation Cohort: Avelumab 10 mg/kg | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Dose-escalation Cohort: Avelumab 20 mg/kg | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Expansion Cohort: Avelumab 10 mg/kg | EXPERIMENTAL | - |
| Dose Escalation Cohort: Avelumab 1.0 mg/kg | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 1.0 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) once every 2 weeks in dose escalation cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or investigational medicinal product (IMP) occurs. |
| Dose Escalation Cohort: Avelumab 3.0 mg/kg | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in dose escalation cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Dose Escalation Cohort: Avelumab 10.0 mg/kg | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in dose escalation cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Dose Escalation Cohort: Avelumab 20.0 mg/kg | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 20.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in dose escalation cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Dose Escalation Cohort: Avelumab 10.0 mg/kg Weekly | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once weekly for the first 12 weeks and once every 2 weeks starting Week 13 in dose escalation cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Primary Expansion Cohort: NSCLC, Post-platinum Doublet | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), who had progressed after 1 line of platinum-containing doublet chemotherapy received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in primary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Primary Expansion Cohort: NSCLC, First Line | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), first line received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in primary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Primary Expansion Cohort: Metastatic Breast Cancer | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with metastatic breast cancer received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in primary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Primary Expansion Cohort: GC/GEJC Progressed | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with gastric (GC) and gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJC) who progressed on or after first line chemotherapy received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in primary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Primary Expansion Cohort: GC/GEJC Non Progressed | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with gastric (GC) and gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJC) who non-progressed on or after first-line chemotherapy received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in primary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Colorectal Cancer | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with colorectal cancer received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with castrate-resistant prostate cancer received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Adrenocortical Carcinoma | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with adrenocortical carcinoma received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Melanoma | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with melanoma received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Mesothelioma | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with mesothelioma received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Urothelial Carcinoma | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with urothelial carcinoma received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Ovarian Cancer | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with ovarian carcinoma received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Renal Cell Carcinoma (First Line) | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with Renal cell carcinoma received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks as a first-line therapy in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Secondary Expansion Cohort: Renal Cell Carcinoma (Second Line) | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with Renal cell carcinoma who failed 1 prior systemic first-line regimen received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks as a second line treatment in secondary expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Efficacy Expansion Cohort: Ovarian Cancer | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with ovarian carcinoma received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in efficacy expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Efficacy Expansion Cohort: Urothelial Carcinoma | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with urothelial carcinoma received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in efficacy expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Efficacy Expansion Cohort: GC/ GEJC, Third Line | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with gastric (GC) and gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJC) who have failed both a first-line chemotherapy regimen and subsequent ramucirumab therapy, received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks as a third-line treatment in efficacy expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Efficacy Expansion Cohort: HNSCC | EXPERIMENTAL | Participants with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) received intravenous infusion of Avelumab at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in efficacy expansion cohort until confirmed progression, unacceptable toxicity, or any reason for withdrawal from the trial or IMP occurs. |
| Open-label | OTHER | Avelumab - Single-arm open label study |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Avelumab | DRUG | Participants received 10 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of avelumab as a 1-hour intravenous infusion once every 2 weeks until confirmed disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or any criterion for withdrawal from the study or Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) as defined in the study protocol was fulfilled. |
| Docetaxel | DRUG | Participants received 75 mg per square meter (m\^2) (per label) of docetaxel by intravenous infusion once every 3 weeks until confirmed disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or any criterion for withdrawal from the study or Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) as defined in the study protocol was fulfilled. |
| Pemetrexed | DRUG | Participants received Pemetrexed 500 milligrams per square meter (mg/m\^2) by IV infusion on Day 1 of 3-Week cycle up to a maximum of 6 cycles of IV injection until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. |
| Paclitaxel | DRUG | Participants received Paclitaxel 200 mg/m\^2 by IV infusion on Day 1 of 3-Week cycle up to a maximum of 6 cycles of IV injection until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. |
| Gemcitabine | DRUG | Participants received Gemcitabine 1250 mg/m\^2 on Day 1 and Day 8 by IV infusion in 3-Week cycle up to a maximum of 6 cycles when combined with cisplatin of IV injection until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. |
| Carboplatin | DRUG | Participants received Carboplatin area under concentration curve (AUC) 5 mg/mL\*min in 3-Week cycle up to a maximum of 6 cycles of IV injection when combined with gemcitabine until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. |
| Cisplatin | DRUG | Participants received Cisplatin 75 mg/m\^2 by IV infusion in 3-Week cycle up to a maximum of 6 cycles of IV injection until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. |
| Avelumab Weekly | DRUG | Participants received Avelumab at a dose of 10 mg/kg as a 1-hour (-10/+20 minutes) IV infusion every week for 12 consecutive weeks. |
| Oxaliplatin | DRUG | Induction Phase: Oxaliplatin was administered at a dose of 85 mg per square meter (mg/m\^2) as a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion on Day 1 along with leucovorin followed by 5-Fluorouracil every 2 weeks up to 12 weeks (or) Oxaliplatin at 130 mg/m\^2 IV on Day 1 along with capecitabine twice daily for 2 weeks followed by a 1-week rest period given every 3 weeks up to 12 weeks. Maintenance Phase: Participants were continued the same regimen of chemotherapy as they received during the Induction Phase until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or discontinuation. |
| 5-Fluorouracil | DRUG | Induction Phase: 5-Fluorouracil was administered at a dose of 2600 mg/m\^2 IV continuous infusion over 24 hours on Day 1 (or) 5-FU at 400 mg/m\^2 IV push on Day 1 and 2400 mg/m\^2 IV continuous infusion over 46-48 hours (Days 1 and 2) along with oxaliplatin and leucovorin every 2 weeks up to 12 weeks. Maintenance Phase: Participants were continued the same regimen of chemotherapy as they received during the Induction Phase until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or discontinuation. |
| Leucovorin | DRUG | Induction Phase: Leucovorin was administered at a dose of 200 mg/m\^2 IV (or) Leucovorin 400 mg/m\^2 IV on Day 1 along with oxaliplatin and 5-FU every 2 weeks up to 12 weeks. Maintenance Phase: Participants were continued the same regimen of chemotherapy as they received during the Induction Phase until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or discontinuation. |
| Capecitabine | DRUG | Induction Phase: Capecitabine was administered at a dose of 1000 mg/m\^2 twice daily for 2 weeks followed by a 1-week rest period given every 3 weeks along with oxaliplatin up to 12 weeks. Maintenance Phase: Participants were continued the same regimen of chemotherapy as they received during the Induction Phase every 3 weeks until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or discontinuation. |
| Best supportive care | OTHER | Treatment administered with the intent to maximize Quality of Life (QoL) without a specific antineoplastic regimen. These may include for example antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetics, thoracentesis, paracentesis, blood transfusions, nutritional support (including jejunostomy), and focal external-beam radiation for control of pain, cough, dyspnea, or bleeding. Best supportive care were administered per institutional guidelines and participants were visit the clinic every 3 weeks. |
| GEN-001 | DRUG | The capsules taken by mouth once a daily. Each capsule will contain ≥ 3x10\^11 colony-forming units (CFU) |
| Cetuximab | DRUG | Participants received cetuximab intravenous infusions at a dose of 250 milligram per meter square (mg/m\^2) body surface area on Day 1 and 500 mg/m\^2 body surface area on Day 8 of first 4 cycles of concurrent chemotherapy. Thereafter, administered given at a dose of 500 mg/m\^2 intravenous every 2 weeks in the Maintenance phase, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. |
| cystectomy | PROCEDURE | Cystectomy 3 to 6 weeks after last administration of chemotherapy |
| CG | COMBINATION_PRODUCT | Chemotherapy 4 cycles of 3 weeks |
| DD-MVAC | COMBINATION_PRODUCT | Chemotherapy 4 cycles of 2 weeks |
| PG | COMBINATION_PRODUCT | Chemotherapy 2 cycles of 4 weeks |
| Avelumab Injection | DRUG | Avelumab administration at 800mg a 1 hour IV infusion once every 14 days during 4 months ½ (median) |
| Methotrexate 1 GM Injection | DRUG | methotrexate administration at 1mg/kg/day during 4 months ½ (median) |
| Avelumab 3 mg/kg Q2W | DRUG | Participants received intravenous infusion of Avelumab over 1 hour duration at a dose of 3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) once every 2 weeks (Q2W) until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or any criterion for withdrawal from the study or from Avelumab occurs. |
| Avelumab 10 mg/kg Q2W | DRUG | Participants received intravenous infusion of Avelumab over 1 hour duration at a dose of 10 mg/kg Q2W until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or any criterion for withdrawal from the study or from Avelumab occurs. |
| Avelumab 20 mg/kg Q2W | DRUG | Participants received intravenous infusion of Avelumab over 1 hour duration at a dose of 20 mg/kg Q2W until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or any criterion for withdrawal from the study or from Avelumab occurs. |
| Avelumab 10 mg/kg QW | DRUG | Participants received intravenous infusion of Avelumab over 1 hour duration at a dose of 10 mg/kg every week (QW) for the first 12 weeks followed by once every 2 weeks, started at Week 13 until disease progression, significant clinical deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, or any criterion for withdrawal from the study or from Avelumab occurs. |
| radiotherapy | RADIATION | 5 times a week, 7 weeks, total dose 70 Gy |
| Avelumab 3 mg/kg | DRUG | Participants received intravenous infusion of Avelumab over 1 hour duration at a dose of 3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) once every 2 weeks in the dose- escalation cohort until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or withdrawal from the study or study drug occurred. |
| Avelumab 10 mg/kg | DRUG | Participants received intravenous infusion of Avelumab over 1 hour duration at a dose of 10 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in the dose- escalation cohort and expansion cohort until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or withdrawal from the study or study drug occurred. |
| Avelumab 20 mg/kg | DRUG | Participants received intravenous infusion of Avelumab over 1 hour duration at a dose of 20 mg/kg once every 2 weeks in the dose- escalation cohort until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or withdrawal from the study or study drug occurred. |
Inclusion Criteria * Signed written informed consent before any trial related procedure * Male or female participants aged greater than or equal to (\>=) 18 years * Availability of a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded block containing tumor tissue or 7 unstained tumor slides suitable for PD-L1 expre...
Avelumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody being developed by Merck KGaA for the treatment of cancer. It is being studied across several tumor types, including gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. It is administered as an injection.
Avelumab targets CD274, also known as PD-L1. By binding to this target, the monoclonal antibody is designed to interfere with a pathway that tumors use to suppress immune responses. This mechanism places Avelumab in the immuno-oncology class of cancer therapies being studied across multiple solid tumor indications.
Avelumab is developed by Merck KGaA, which trades under the ticker MKGAF. The company is running or supporting clinical studies of the monoclonal antibody in oncology indications including gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasias.
Avelumab is in Phase 2 development and remains investigational. It has not been established as approved for any indication based on the current development program. Its clinical program includes Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 studies, with one trial currently active and recruiting.
Avelumab has been studied in four clinical trials. These include NCT05419362 in PD-L1 positive gastric cancer, NCT04601402 in solid tumors that progressed on anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, NCT04396223 in low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasias, and NCT03815643, a Phase 3 rollover study in solid tumors. Total enrollment across these trials is 2,029 participants.