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Frequently Asked Questions about the
The recently completed Affinity trials were designed specifically to address the issues raised by the FDA in their
complete response letters. In designing the Affinity trials we had multiple meetings with the agency to get their input and clarification on the protocols and endpoints of the trials. Based on those interactions and the trial results we believe that
these studies have indeed met their primary endpoints and that the results will support approval of the product. However, we cannot at this time provide absolute assurance regarding the outcome of the FDA review and whether the agency will agree
that the forthcoming NDA submission will be adequate for approval. There can never be certainty that the FDA would not still request that we conduct additional clinical studies. Although it is not relevant for purposes of predicting FDA action,
Deerfield evaluated the two Affinity trials, including through an independent regulatory consultant with access to all the key data, and determined that the results met the primary efficacy endpoints and did not show any adverse safety issue that
would reasonably be expected to prevent approval of AFREZZA . Such validation was required for Deerfield to
provide the second $40 million tranche of the $160 million financing.
Efficacy of the MedTone inhaler was never an endpoint of that study. MedTone was included in the Affinity 1 trial at the FDA s
request in order to perform a head-to-head comparison of the pulmonary safety data for MedTone compared to the Gen2 device. Comparable pulmonary safety results would allow us to bridge the Gen2 device to the extensive safety data that we collected
in our earlier clinical studies using the MedTone inhaler. As we reported in the conference call, the Gen2 and the MedTone groups in the Affinity 1 studies demonstrated a similar safety profile, thereby meeting this important secondary endpoint of
It would be highly unusual to include data of a regulatory trial that is not a defined key component of a study in
top line results, which by definition only focus on important elements. That was why we did not publish the efficacy data for the MedTone group. Even so, when asked about those results during the conference call, we replied that the
performance of the MedTone and the Gen2 devices were comparable and we do not see any appreciable difference between the two. In fact, the actual difference in mean HbA1c between the two inhaler groups was only 0.08%, which was not significant. This
measure for both inhaler groups was non-inferior to that for the injected insulin control arm. This was not surprising, given that we had previously shown that the two inhalers were bioequivalent. It is disheartening that anyone who holds themselves
out to be an analyst would use subjective and alarmist language with respect to such a minor result, or if they were confused, would not at least contact us and ask about it before publishing misinformation of this kind.
In fact, the data showed a hypoglycemia advantage in every measure of hypoglycemia in the
Affinity 1 trial. In 3 of the 4 included measures, this advantage was large and statistically significant. Importantly, we also showed an advantage in severe hypoglycemia, where we had 8.05 incidents per hundred subject-months in the Afrezza arm
versus 14.45 incidents per hundred subject-months in the control arm. However, there were not sufficient incidents in this trial for the difference in this particular measure to reach statistical significance; to do so would have required a larger
number of severe hypo events. We think the advantages we have shown in every measure of hypoglycemia in this and previous trials of insulin-dependent patients is a very important advantage of Afrezza.
First, it should be noted that the average amount of weight gained by Afrezza users in
the Affinity 2 trial was small (only about 1 pound), particularly relative to their average starting weight (about 198 pounds). Even though the weight gain in the Afrezza arm was very small, because the average weight in the control arm continued
down, the absolute difference was larger, reaching statistical significance.
One of the challenges of doing a trial in
early-stage type 2 diabetics is that their HbA1c levels can be influenced by a range of extraneous factors, particularly changes in lifestyle. In the Affinity 2 study, all the participants were given extensive training in how best to manage their
diabetes, including counseling on nutrition, diet, exercise, and so forth. As a consequence, participants HbA1c levels were declining throughout the run-in period, even before Afrezza was introduced. We also gave patients blood glucose
monitors and required that they check their blood sugar levels several times per day and record the data in an electronic diary. We know from prior experience that with close monitoring patients tend to alter their behavior and behave more as they
should . The result of this can be seen in the Affinity 2 trial where both HbA1c levels and weight continued to drop in the control group following randomization. We know the placebo could not influence either of these measures, so it was
the change in lifestyle that almost certainly led to those improvements. The Afrezza arm was also exposed to this training but there was one key difference. If a patient in the control arm were to decide to cheat a bit and have a carb
laden meal, it would likely show up immediately in the blood sugar. It is hoped that seeing this would discourage patients from such practices in the future. By contrast, in the Afrezza arm a dose of insulin taken with the meal would much more
likely keep the blood sugar excursions in check, allowing the patient to get away with such practices, or at least keep the effects from being so alarming. One could speculate as to what effect this potential feedback might have on
weight over the course of the study.
Yes. The study met its primary endpoint of superiority at a
highly significant level, with a P value of <0.0001. Demonstrating superiority is what was required in the study and that is what we showed. The FDA did not specify a particular margin that would be needed to show superiority. Instead, the
success of such a trial is generally governed by the statistics.
Biostatisticians design studies around assumed levels of variability and needed confidence intervals to assess how large the study must be. To do this, they come up with powering assumptions
designed to show a particular level of change with an assumed confidence interval. In our case, the Affinity 2 study was originally designed to show a 0.5% reduction with a one-sided alpha of 0.025%, with a high degree of confidence. The actual
difference turned out to be 0.4%, with a remarkable P value of 0.0001, demonstrating extreme significance. It is clear that in Affinity 2 we demonstrated the superiority of Afrezza in an unequivocal fashion.
First, we must admit that we are not certain as to what causes that lowering of fasting blood glucose that
we have seen in such studies of Afrezza. Some experts have postulated that it is related to a reduction in insulin resistance or perhaps from reducing the level of pancreatic stress. It would be difficult to confirm what causes this effect on
fasting glucose and we have not yet attempted to do so, although we have seen it consistently in all our earlier trials in type 1 and late type 2 diabetes.
In analyzing HbA1c results, it is important to remember that HbA1c is essentially a proxy for average blood glucose levels. Fasting levels can affect this, but so can many other things. As an example,
frequent plunges in blood glucose levels, including those resulting in hypoglycemia, from any excess insulin remaining in the bloodstream following meal digestion, can have a dramatic effect on HbA1c. It would be hard to argue that this late plunge
of glucose is a good thing, yet it does lower HbA1c levels. As such, HbA1c is an imperfect measure of the beneficial effect of a prandial insulin. However, this is the accepted measure of efficacy used today by the FDA.
As has been consistently shown in earlier trials we have shown in both these Affinity studies that Afrezza reduces both the prandial rise
in blood sugar following a meal and also reduces the frequency and degree of hypoglycemia, smoothing out the curves, so to speak. But this does not necessarily result in better HbA1c results, which is why the Affinity 1 trial was designed to be a
non-inferiority trial, not a superiority trial. Our primary objective with Affinity 1 was to produce data that would support approval of this product and get it on the market. We expect that in real like use the inherent advantages of Afrezza over
other prandial insulins and also non-insulin anti-glycemic agents will quickly become apparent, making it a commercial success.
There have been considerable
postings on the message boards, both touting the benefits of Afrezza and also panning this product and MannKind. We are aware of a number of actual patients who have indeed participated in our trials that have posted on the message boards to
our knowledge all very positive. The particular posting on August 16 was certainly by a patient in the Affinity 1 study. Patient confidentiality rules under the HIPAA rules generally prevent us from knowing the identity of patients in the
trials. However, this particular patient and his doctor had contacted us seeking continuation of Afrezza therapy after the patient s trial participation was completed. We eventually learned from him that he had been posting messages of praise
on the boards. Even had that not occurred, some of the posts demonstrated a degree of knowledge
about the mechanics of the trial from a patient s perspective and that convinced us he was genuine. His experience was real and was good. But there is nothing preventing someone from
claiming to have been a patient and reporting good or bad experiences that may even be completely false. While we are sure many people who post on these boards are honest and sincere, we are equally certain that there are many who are neither, but
who are only trying to advance some self-serving agenda.
Patients in the clinical trials are not required to remain silent and
they do not sign confidentiality agreements on the theory that there is little that can be learned from the experiences of one patient. Only the clinicians are required to sign such agreements since they may have many patients in a trial and would
be better able to predict that trial s success. Therefore the clinician must keep that knowledge confidential (even from MannKind, the sponsor, at least until the study is unblinded.)
The Form 4 filings with the SEC
were not reporting sales of stock. There were no shares sold by any officers into the market during that week. What happened was that in recognition of their performance, the Board of Directors had granted all of our officers restricted stock, some
of which vested that week. When this happens, it is considered compensation by the IRS, which requires the company to withhold taxes based on the market value of the stock on the date of vesting. But because no cash is being paid out, the company
instead simply withholds some shares to pay the tax, which is then paid by the company. The surrender of those shares was what was being reported on the Form 4 s. This can be seen in a footnote at the bottom of the Form 4. If you
check, you will see similar filings at around this same time last year and years prior, for the same reason.
Forward-Looking Statements
This document contains forward-looking statements, including statements related to the results of clinical studies, that involve risks and uncertainties. Words such as believes,
anticipates, plans, expects, intend, will, goal, potential and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking
statements are based upon the company s current expectations. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of these risks and uncertainties, which include,
without limitation, difficulties or delays in obtaining regulatory feedback or completing and analyzing the results of clinical studies, completion of further statistical analysis of the results of these studies, whether the data from these two
studies will satisfy all requirements of the FDA and will be sufficient to support approval of the amended new drug application for AFREZZA, and other risks detailed in MannKind s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including
the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 and periodic reports on Form 10-Q and Form 8-K. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are qualified
in their entirety by this cautionary statement, and MannKind undertakes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof.