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Bardoxolone Methyl

Phase 2

Alport Syndrome | Small molecule | Nephrology |Biogen Inc.|Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Success Probability

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Market & Valuation

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Trial Design

RandomizedDouble-BlindPLACEBO_CONTROLLEDDMC
Total Trials1
Total Enrollment187

FDA Designations

No designations recorded

Clinical trial landscape

Bardoxolone Methyl · 12 trials · 28 indications

Phase 2 6Phase 1 6
NCT04702997A Trial of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients With CKD at Risk of Rapid Progression (MERLIN)Chronic Kidney Diseases
COMPLETED81 Analytics
NCT03366337A Phase 2 Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients With Rare Chronic Kidney Diseases - PHOENIXIgA Nephropathy
COMPLETED103 Analytics
NCT03019185A Phase 2/3 Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients With Alport Syndrome - CARDINALAlport Syndrome
COMPLETED187 Analytics
NCT02036970Bardoxolone Methyl Evaluation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) - LARIATPulmonary Arterial Hypertension
COMPLETED166 Analytics
NCT01053936Phase II Pharmacodynamic Trial to Determine the Effects of Bardoxolone Methyl on eGFR in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney DiseaseRenal Insufficiency, Chronic
COMPLETED129 Analytics
NCT00811889Trial to Determine the Effects of Bardoxolone Methyl on eGFR in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease
COMPLETED227 Analytics
PHASE2COMPLETED
A Trial of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients With CKD at Risk of Rapid Progression (MERLIN)
Chronic Kidney DiseasesUnlock trial analytics
PHASE2COMPLETED
A Phase 2 Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients With Rare Chronic Kidney Diseases - PHOENIX
IgA NephropathyUnlock trial analytics
PHASE2COMPLETED
A Phase 2/3 Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients With Alport Syndrome - CARDINAL
Alport SyndromeUnlock trial analytics
PHASE2COMPLETED
Bardoxolone Methyl Evaluation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) - LARIAT
Pulmonary Arterial HypertensionUnlock trial analytics
PHASE2COMPLETED
Phase II Pharmacodynamic Trial to Determine the Effects of Bardoxolone Methyl on eGFR in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Renal Insufficiency, ChronicUnlock trial analytics
PHASE2COMPLETED
Trial to Determine the Effects of Bardoxolone Methyl on eGFR in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney DiseaseUnlock trial analytics

Study Endpoints

Primary Endpoints

Change From Baseline in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) at Week 12
Baseline through 12 weeks after participant receives the first dose

To assess the change in eGFR from baseline to week 12. eGFR is a measure of kidney function assessed through blood/serum. Higher eGFRs represent better/improved kidney function. Lower eGFRs represent poorer/decreased kidney function.

Change From Baseline in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) After 12 Weeks of Treatment (Phase 2)
Baseline through 12 weeks after participant receives the first dose in the Phase 2 study

To assess the change in eGFR from baseline to week 12 (Phase 2). Estimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) indicates how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. The higher the eGFR number, the better the kidney function.

Change From Baseline in eGFR After 48 Weeks of Treatment (Phase 3)
Baseline through 48 weeks after participant receives the first dose in the Phase 3 study

To assess the change in eGFR from baseline to week 48 (Phase 3). Estimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) indicates how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. The higher the eGFR number, the better the kidney function.

Change From Baseline in eGFR After 100 Weeks of Treatment (Phase 3)
Baseline through 100 weeks after participant receives the first dose in the Phase 3 study

To assess the change in eGFR from baseline to week 100 (Phase 3). Estimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) indicates how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. The higher the eGFR number, the better the kidney function.

Change From Baseline Though Week 16 in 6-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) for Bardoxolone Methyl Compared to Placebo
Baseline through Week 16

Overall treatment effect in exercise capacity, as measured by the total distance walked in 6 minutes (6MWD) mean change from baseline though Week 16. A lower 6MWD reflects greater severity thus, a positive change from baseline suggests an improvement.

To assess a trend in mean change from baseline to Day 29 in eGFR (as estimated by the 4-component MDRD formula) with increasing doses of bardoxolone methyl (amorphous dispersion) in patients with Type 2 diabetes and CKD (eGFR 15-45 mL/min/1.73m2).
29 Days
To determine the change in eGFR from baseline in patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD (baseline eGFR = 20 - 45 mL/min/1.73m2) after receiving bardoxolone methyl for 6 months (24 weeks) following randomization
6 months (24 weeks)
To determine the safety and tolerability of bardoxolone methyl when administered for 12 months (52 weeks)following randomization to type 2 diabetic patients with CKD (eGFR 20 - 45 mL/min/1.73m2).
1 year (52 weeks)
Area under the plasma concentration-time curve of bardoxolone methyl from time 0 to the last measurable time point (AUC0-t).
28 days
Area under the plasma concentration-time curve of bardoxolone methyl extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-inf)
28 days
Maximum observed drug concentration (Cmax) in plasma of bardoxolone methyl
28 days
Change in QT/QTc interval
Baseline, Day 6 and Day 13
Area under the plasma concentration-time curve
0, 0.5,1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 120, 144, 168, 216, 264, 312, and 360 hours following dose administration
area under curve
0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after dose administration
Effect of food on Pharmacokinetics of a 20 mg single dose of bardoxolone methyl
28 Days
To determine the dose-limiting toxicity, maximum tolerated dose, and recommended phase II dose of Bardoxolone methyl Capsules
28 day cycles, with a maximum of 18 cycles (18 months)
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of Bardoxolone methyl in this patient population.
28 day cycles, with a maximum of 18 cycles (18 months)

Secondary Endpoints

Change From Baseline in eGFR After 48 Weeks of Treatment (Phase 2)
Baseline through 48 weeks after participant receives the first dose in the Phase 2 study
Change From Baseline in eGFR After 100 Weeks of Treatment (Phase 2)
Baseline through 100 weeks after participant receives the first dose in the Phase 2 study
Change From Baseline in eGFR at Week 52 Following a 4-week Drug Treatment Withdrawal Period (Phase 3)
Baseline through 52 weeks after participant receives the first dose in the Phase 3 study (or 4 weeks after last dose for patients who discontinued early in the first year)
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Study Design & Arms

AllocationRANDOMIZED
MaskingTRIPLE
ModelPARALLEL
PurposeTREATMENT

Treatment Arms

ArmTypeDescription
Bardoxolone methylEXPERIMENTALPatients randomized to receive bardoxolone methyl capsules orally once daily for 12 weeks at a starting dose of 5 mg and titrated up to a maximal dose of 20 mg (participants with UACR less than or equal to 300 mg/g) or 30 mg (participants with UACR greater than 300 mg/g) Patients will be scheduled to be assessed during treatment at Day 1, Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 and by telephone contact on Days 3, 10, 21, 31, 35, and 45. Patients will not receive any drug during a 5-week off-treatment period between Weeks 12 and 17. Patients will be assessed on Day 3 off-treatment (OT), Day 7 OT, Day 14 OT, Day 21 OT, Day 28 OT, and Day 35 OT. The OT day corresponds to days after last dose. Patients will be assessed at and end-of-study (EOS) visit on Week 17.
PlaceboPLACEBO_COMPARATORPatients who received placebo, once-daily, orally, remained on placebo throughout the study duration of 12 weeks and followed the same titration to maintain the blind, Patients will be scheduled to be assessed during treatment at Day 1, Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 and by telephone contact on Days 3, 10, 21, 31, 35, and 45. Patients will not receive any drug during a 5-week off-treatment period between Weeks 12 and 17. Patients will be assessed on Day 3 off-treatment (OT), Day 7 OT, Day 14 OT, Day 21 OT, Day 28 OT, and Day 35 OT. The OT day corresponds to days after last dose. Patients will be assessed at and end-of-study (EOS) visit on Week 17.
Bardoxolone Methyl - ADPKDEXPERIMENTALParticipants with autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) will receive bardoxolone methyl capsules at a starting dose of 5 mg and titrate up to a maximal dose of 20 mg (participants with UACR less than or equal to 300 mg/g) or 30 mg (participants with UACR greater than 300 mg/g) daily.
Bardoxolone Methyl - IgANEXPERIMENTALParticipants with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) will receive bardoxolone methyl capsules at a starting dose of 5 mg and titrate up to a maximal dose of 20 mg (participants with UACR less than or equal to 300 mg/g) or 30 mg (participants with UACR greater than 300 mg/g) daily.
Bardoxolone Methyl - T1DEXPERIMENTALParticipants with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) will receive bardoxolone methyl capsules at a starting dose of 5 mg and titrate up to a maximal dose of 20 mg (participants with UACR less than or equal to 300 mg/g) or 30 mg (participants with UACR greater than 300 mg/g) daily.
Bardoxolone Methyl - FSGSEXPERIMENTALParticipants with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) will receive bardoxolone methyl capsules at a starting dose of 5 mg and titrate up to a maximal dose of 20 mg (participants with UACR less than or equal to 300 mg/g) or 30 mg (participants with UACR greater than 300 mg/g) daily.
Phase 2 Bardoxolone MethylEXPERIMENTALPatients in the Phase 2 cohort will receive bardoxolone methyl throughout the study. Patients with baseline ACR ≤ 300 mg/g will be titrated to a maximum dose of 20 mg, and patients with baseline ACR \> 300 mg/g will be titrated to a maximum dose of 30 mg. Adult patients (≥ 18 years of age) receiving bardoxolone methyl will start with once-daily dosing at 5 mg and will dose-escalate to 10 mg at Week 2, to 20 mg at Week 4, and then to 30 mg at Week 6 (only if baseline ACR \>300 mg/g) unless contraindicated clinically and approved by the medical monitor. Patients under the age of 18 receiving bardoxolone methyl will start 5 mg every other day during the first week and begin once-daily dosing with 5 mg during the second week of the study, and then continue with once-daily dosing following the same aforementioned dose titration scheme based on baseline ACR at Weeks 2, 4, and 6.
Phase 3 Bardoxolone MethylACTIVE_COMPARATORPatients with baseline ACR ≤ 300 mg/g will be titrated to a maximum dose of 20 mg, and patients with baseline ACR \> 300 mg/g will be titrated to a maximum dose of 30 mg. Adult patients (≥ 18 years of age) receiving bardoxolone methyl will start with once-daily dosing at 5 mg and will dose-escalate to 10 mg at Week 2, to 20 mg at Week 4, and then to 30 mg at Week 6 (only if baseline ACR \>300 mg/g) unless contraindicated clinically and approved by the medical monitor. Patients under the age of 18 receiving bardoxolone methyl will start 5 mg every other day during the first week and begin once-daily dosing with 5 mg during the second week of the study, and then continue with once-daily dosing following the same aforementioned dose titration scheme based on baseline ACR at Weeks 2, 4, and 6.
Phase 3 PlaceboPLACEBO_COMPARATORPatients randomized to placebo will remain on placebo throughout the study, undergoing sham titration.
Part 1 Dose-Ranging Bardoxolone methyl 2.5 mg/Part 2: Open-LabelEXPERIMENTALParticipants received bardoxolone methyl 2.5 mg once-daily in Part 1 (Day 1 to Week 16). Participants who continued to Part 2 continued to receive the same bardoxolone methyl 2.5 mg once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose-Ranging Bardoxolone methyl 5 mg/Part 2: Open-LabelEXPERIMENTALParticipants received bardoxolone methyl 5 mg once-daily in Part 1 (Day 1 to Week 16). Participants who continued to Part 2 continued to receive the same bardoxolone methyl 5 mg once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose-Ranging Bardoxolone methyl 10 mg/Part 2: Open-LabelEXPERIMENTALParticipants received bardoxolone methyl 10 mg once-daily in Part 1 (Day 1 to Week 16). Participants who continued to Part 2 continued to receive the same bardoxolone methyl 10 mg once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose-Ranging Bardoxolone methyl 20 mg/Part 2: Open-LabelEXPERIMENTALParticipants received bardoxolone methyl 20 mg once-daily in Part 1 (Day 1 to Week 16). Participants who continued to Part 2 continued to receive the same bardoxolone methyl 20 mg once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose-Ranging Placebo 2.5 mg/Part 2: Bardoxolone methyl 2.5 mgPLACEBO_COMPARATORParticipants received bardoxolone methyl 2.5 mg matching placebo capsules once-daily in Part 1 (Day 1 to Week 16). Participants who continued to Part 2 received bardoxolone methyl 2.5 mg once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose-Ranging Placebo 5 mg/Part 2: Bardoxolone methyl 5 mgPLACEBO_COMPARATORParticipants received bardoxolone methyl 5 mg matching placebo capsules once-daily in Part 1 (Day 1 to Week 16). Participants who continued to Part 2 received bardoxolone methyl 5 mg once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose-Ranging Placebo 10 mg/Part 2: Bardoxolone methyl 10 mgPLACEBO_COMPARATORParticipants received bardoxolone methyl 10 mg matching placebo capsules once-daily in Part 1 (Day 1 to Week 16). Participants who continued to Part 2 received bardoxolone methyl 10 mg once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose-Ranging Placebo 20 mg/Part 2: Bardoxolone methyl 20 mgPLACEBO_COMPARATORParticipants received bardoxolone methyl 20 mg matching placebo capsules once-daily in Part 1 (Day 1 to Week 16). Participants who continued to Part 2 received bardoxolone methyl 20 mg once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose Titration: Bardoxolone methyl 10 mg/Part 2: Bardoxolone methyl 10 mgEXPERIMENTALParticipants in Part 1 started with bardoxolone methyl 5 mg once-daily from Day 1 and escalated to bardoxolone methyl 10 mg once-daily starting at Week 4 thru Week 16. Participants who continued to Part 2 continued to receive the same bardoxolone methyl dose once-daily in Part 2 (Week 16 and onwards)
Part 1: Dose Titration: Placebo 10 mg/Part 2: Bardoxolone methyl 10 mgPLACEBO_COMPARATORParticipants in Part 1 received Placebo once-daily from Day 1 thru Week 16. Participants who continued to Part 2 initially received bardoxolone methyl 5 mg once-daily from Week 16 thru Week 20 and bardoxolone methyl 10 mg from week 20 onwards
Bardoxolone methyl: 5 mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone methyl: 10 mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone methyl: 15 mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone methyl: 30 mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone methyl: 2.5 mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone Methyl (RTA 402): 75mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone Methyl (RTA 402): 150mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone Methyl (RTA 402): 25mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone methyl 10 mg and Itraconazole 200 mgEXPERIMENTALPeriod 1: Bardoxolone methyl capsules 10 mg Period 2: two Itraconazole capsules 100 mg
Bardoxolone Methyl 20mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone Methyl 80mgEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone Methyl PlaceboPLACEBO_COMPARATOR -
MoxifloxacinACTIVE_COMPARATOR -
Bardoxolone Methyl 20 mgEXPERIMENTAL -
20 mg bardoxolone methylEXPERIMENTAL -
60 mg bardoxolone methylEXPERIMENTAL -
80 mg bardoxolone methylEXPERIMENTAL -
Bardoxolone methyl capsulesEXPERIMENTALBardoxolone methyl to be taken orally for 21 consecutive days, once a day, in the morning prior to food intake. Patients to continue to receive treatment for the first 21 days of each 28-day cycle until they experience intolerable toxicity, show evidence of disease progression, or receive a maximum of 18 cycles (18 months).

Interventions

NameTypeDescription
Bardoxolone methyl oral capsuleDRUGBardoxolone methyl capsules dose escalated from 5 mg to a maximum of 20 or 30 mg, depending on baseline proteinuria status
Placebo oral capsuleDRUGCapsule containing an inert placebo
Bardoxolone methyl capsulesDRUGBardoxolone 5 mg capsules
Bardoxolone MethylDRUGBardoxolone methyl dose escalated from 5 mg to a maximum of 20 or 30 mg, depending on baseline proteinuria status.
PlaceboDRUG -
Bardoxolone methyl (amorphous dispersion)DRUGOral, once daily
Bardoxolone Methyl (RTA 402)DRUGOral, Once Daily
Bardoxolone methyl capsules 10 mgDRUGOne 10 mg capsule of bardoxolone methyl administered on Study Day 1 (Period 1) of the trial and one 10 mg capsule of bardoxolone methyl administered on Study Day 18 (Period 2) of the trial
Itraconazole capsules 100 mgDRUGTwo 100 mg capsules of itraconazole administered once daily during Study Days 15 - 27 (Period 2) of the trial
Bardoxolone Methyl 20mgDRUGOral
Bardoxolone Methyl 80mgDRUGOral
Bardoxolone Methyl PlaceboDRUGOral
Moxifloxacin 400mgDRUGOral
Moxifloxacin PlaceboDRUGOral
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Eligibility Criteria

Age Range18 Years to 70 Years
SexALL
Healthy VolunteersNo
Study Sites12

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of CKD with screening eGFR (average of Screen A and Screen B eGFR values) ≥ 20 to \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 * Patient must meet at least one of the following criteria: 1. UACR ≥ 300 mg/g; OR 2. eGFR decline at a rate of ≥ 4 mL/min/1.73 m2 in prior year; OR 3. Hemat...

Countries:United StatesAustraliaFranceGermanyJapanPuerto RicoSpainUnited Kingdom
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Frequently asked questions about Bardoxolone Methyl

What is Bardoxolone Methyl used for?

Bardoxolone Methyl is an investigational small molecule being studied for advanced solid tumors, Alport Syndrome, IgA Nephropathy, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, and Chronic Kidney Diseases. It is in Phase 2 clinical development and is not approved by the FDA.

Who makes Bardoxolone Methyl?

Bardoxolone Methyl is being developed by Biogen Inc., which trades on the NASDAQ under the ticker BIIB. The drug is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials for multiple kidney-related conditions and other indications.

What phase is Bardoxolone Methyl in?

Bardoxolone Methyl is in Phase 2 clinical development. It has completed three trials, including studies in Alport Syndrome, chronic kidney disease, and advanced solid tumors. The drug remains investigational and has not received FDA approval.

What clinical trials is Bardoxolone Methyl in?

Bardoxolone Methyl has completed three clinical trials: NCT00529438 in advanced solid tumors, NCT01053936 in chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes, and NCT03019185 in Alport Syndrome. All trials are completed with a total enrollment of 227 participants.

Is Bardoxolone Methyl the same as RTA 402?

Bardoxolone Methyl is also known as RTA 402, as indicated in the clinical trial NCT00529438, which studied RTA 402 in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoid malignancies. The drug is being developed by Biogen Inc.